Friday, July 26, 2019
Cooling cities near the coast
For cities near the coast one could use mirrors to shade the ground and also reflect solar energy to old floating abandoned ships. The old ships will heat up and transfer infrared radiation to the the sea surface. Infrared radiation only penetrates the sea a few mm. This could cause clouds to form to shade and cool and bring rain. Rising moist hot air from the sea could increase air circulation and reduce air pollution in cities.
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Carbon dioxide and drowsy accidents
The world is drifting towards drowsiness and accident-proneness: If one calculates, using equations related to the Keeling Curve, one finds that by 2070 the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be about 700 ppm (at present it is around 400 ppm). By 2095 it will be about 1000 ppm. Now when the concentration becomes 1000 ppm people start to feel drowsy and will lose concentration.
But another problem is that when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are high and one enters an enclosure (room and so on) the carbon dioxide levels quickly reach dangerous levels because of breathing. So if there are 10 people in a room of volume 100 cubic metres and atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is 400 ppm then it will take about 22 minutes for levels to reach 1000 ppm. If you start with atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide at 700 ppm then it takes only about 11 minutes for levels to reach 1000 ppm.
Fires (which produce carbon dioxide) will become far more dangerous regarding breathing.
But another problem is that when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are high and one enters an enclosure (room and so on) the carbon dioxide levels quickly reach dangerous levels because of breathing. So if there are 10 people in a room of volume 100 cubic metres and atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is 400 ppm then it will take about 22 minutes for levels to reach 1000 ppm. If you start with atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide at 700 ppm then it takes only about 11 minutes for levels to reach 1000 ppm.
Fires (which produce carbon dioxide) will become far more dangerous regarding breathing.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Density of breath and surrounding air
The Delphi 2 code (Pascal) below calculates the density of breath and of the surrounding air. If you enter a hollow or lift or tank and so on and your breath is more dense than the surrounding air it will sink and you could surround yourself with air that has a lot of carbon dioxide in. This could happen during heatwave conditions.
The inputs to the program are: Ts (temperature in deg C of the surrounding air, eg 38), RHs (relative humidity of the surrounding air in %, eg 34), P (the atmospheric air pressure in kPa, eg 100), PercO (the percentage of oxygen used up in breathing, eg 25), Tbr (the temperature of the breath in deg C, eg 37). The Delph1 2 code is below:
label 1;
var
PvBr,Mas,Mvs,Pvs,Psatws,PercO,Ts,Tsk,P,RHs,Tbr,Tbrk,Psatwbr,Denssa,Densbr,a,molDaBr,
MolNBr,MolOBri,MolOBrf,molCO2Bri,molCO2Brf,MolVBr,MolArBr,MolNeBr,MolHeBr,Mol,
MolKrBr,MolXeBr,VN,VO,VCO2,VV,VArg,VNe,VHe,VKr,VXe,MNbr,MOBrf,MCO2brf,MVBr,
MArBr,MNeBr,MHeBr,MKrBr,MXeBr,MBr,VolBr,TDI,Td,RHDI,DI,Pw,Tw,Aw,Bw,RHSw,Psat,
Tdew,Pvd,RH,LCL:extended;
errors1:boolean;
calcstr2,calcstr1,calcstr3,calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,calcstr7,
calcstr8,calcstr9,calcstr10,calcstr11,calcstr12,calcstr13,calcstr14,calcstr15,calcstr16,
calcstr17,calcstr18,calcstr19,calcstr20,calcstr21,calcstr22,calcstr23,calcstr24:string[30];
begin
errors1:=false;
form16.hide;
form16.show;
try
Ts:=strtofloat(form16.edit1.Text);
RHs:=strtofloat(form16.edit2.Text);
P:=strtofloat(form16.edit3.Text);
PercO:=strtofloat(form16.edit4.Text);
Tbr:=strtofloat(form16.edit5.Text);
except
errors1:=true;
end;
if (errors1=true) or
(Ts<0) or (Ts>70) or (RHs<=0) or (RHs>100) or (P<10) or (P>150) or(percO<0) or (percO>90)
or (Tbr<0) or (Tbr>70) then begin
form16.canvas.textout(0,100,'CHECK ENTRIES.');
goto 1
end;
Tsk:=Ts+273.15;
Tbrk:=Tbr+273.15;
Psatws:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Ts/234.5)*Ts/(257.14+Ts));
Psatwbr:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tbr/234.5)*Tbr/(257.14+Tbr));
Pvs:=Psatws*RHs/100;
Mvs:=Pvs/(0.4615*Tsk);
Mas:=(P-Pvs)/(0.287*Tsk);
PvBr:=Psatwbr;
molDaBr:=100-(PvBr/P)*100;
MolNBr:=78.03/100*moldaBr;
MolOBri:=20.99/100*molDaBr;
MolOBrf:=MolOBri-(percO/100*molObri);
MolCO2bri:=(0.033/100)*moldaBr;
MolCO2Brf:=molCO2bri+(percO/100*molObri);
molVbr:=100*Pvbr/P;
molArBr:=(0.94/100)*moldabr;
molNeBr:=(0.0015/100)*moldabr;
molHeBr:=(0.000524/100)*moldabr;
molKrBr:=(0.00014/100)*moldabr;
molXeBr:=(0.000006/100)*moldabr;
MNbr:=molNbr*0.028013;
MObrf:=molOBrf*0.031999;
MCO2Brf:=molCO2Brf*0.04401;
MVBr:=molVBr*0.018015;
MArBr:=molArBr*0.039948;
MNeBr:=molNeBr*0.020183;
MHeBr:=molHeBr*0.004003;
MKrBr:=molKrBr*0.08380;
MXeBr:=molXeBr*0.13130;
Denssa:=Mvs+Mas;
MBr:=MNbr+MOBrf+MCO2Brf+MVBr+MArBr+MNeBr+MHeBr+MKrBr+MXeBr;
VolBr:=100*0.00831447*Tbrk/P;
DensBr:=MBr/VolBr;
a:=9.80665*((denssa/densbr)-1);
VN:=100*MolNBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VO:=100*MolOBrf*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VCO2:=100*MolCO2Brf*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VV:=100*MolVBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VArg:=100*MolArBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VNe:=100*MolNeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VHe:=100*MolHeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VKr:=100*MolKrBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VXe:=100*MolXeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
str(Denssa:13:3,calcstr1);
str(DensBr:13:3,calcstr2);
str(a:13:2,calcstr3);
str(VN:13:4,calcstr4);
str(VO:13:4,calcstr5);
str(VCO2:13:4,calcstr6);
str(VV:13:4,calcstr7);
str(VArg:13:4,calcstr8);
str(VNe:13:4,calcstr9);
str(VHe:13:4,calcstr10);
str(VKr:13:4,calcstr11);
str(VXe:13:4,calcstr12);
form16.canvas.textout(0,100,'SURROUNDING AIR: DENSITY is: '+calcstr1+' kg/m^3.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,130,'BREATH: DENSITY is: '+calcstr2+' kg/m^3.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,170,'BREATH: ACCELERATION (negative is down and positive is up) is: '+calcstr3+' m/s^2.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,210,'Breath % vol N2: '+calcstr4+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,240,'Breath % vol O2: '+calcstr5+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,270,'Breath % vol CO2: '+calcstr6+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,300,'Breath % vol H20(g): '+calcstr7+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,330,'Breath % vol Ar: '+calcstr8+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,360,'Breath % vol Ne: '+calcstr9+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,390,'Breath % vol He: '+calcstr10+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,420,'Breath % vol Kr: '+calcstr11+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,450,'Breath % vol Xe: '+calcstr12+'%.');
Td:=Ts;
TDI:=Td;
RHDI:=RHs;
DI:= (2*TDI) + (RHDI/100*TDI)+24;
Pw:=P/101.325;
Tw:=Td;
repeat
Tw:=Tw-0.001;
Aw:=611.2*exp(17.502*Tw/(240.97+Tw))-66.8745*(1+0.00115*Tw)*Pw*(Td-Tw);
Bw:=6.112*exp(17.502*Td/(240.97+Td));
RHSw:=Aw/Bw;
until (RHSw<=rhs);
RH:=RHs;
Tdew:=Td;
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Td/234.5)*Td/(257.14+Td));
Pvd:=(RH/100)*Psat;
repeat
Tdew:=Tdew-0.001;
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdew/234.5)*Tdew/(257.14+Tdew));
until (Psat<=Pvd);
LCL:=125*(Td-Tdew);
str(DI:13:1,calcstr13);
str(Tw:13:2,calcstr14);
str(Tdew:13:2,calcstr15);
str(LCL:13:2,calcstr16);
form16.canvas.textout(0,490,'Discomfort Index: '+calcstr13+' (90 to 100 very uncomfortable, 100 to 110 extremely uncomfortable, >110 hazardous).');
form16.canvas.textout(0,520,'Wet Bulb T: '+calcstr14+' deg C');
form16.canvas.textout(0,550,'Dew point: '+calcstr15+' deg C.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,580,'LCL: '+calcstr16+' m.');
1: end;
The inputs to the program are: Ts (temperature in deg C of the surrounding air, eg 38), RHs (relative humidity of the surrounding air in %, eg 34), P (the atmospheric air pressure in kPa, eg 100), PercO (the percentage of oxygen used up in breathing, eg 25), Tbr (the temperature of the breath in deg C, eg 37). The Delph1 2 code is below:
label 1;
var
PvBr,Mas,Mvs,Pvs,Psatws,PercO,Ts,Tsk,P,RHs,Tbr,Tbrk,Psatwbr,Denssa,Densbr,a,molDaBr,
MolNBr,MolOBri,MolOBrf,molCO2Bri,molCO2Brf,MolVBr,MolArBr,MolNeBr,MolHeBr,Mol,
MolKrBr,MolXeBr,VN,VO,VCO2,VV,VArg,VNe,VHe,VKr,VXe,MNbr,MOBrf,MCO2brf,MVBr,
MArBr,MNeBr,MHeBr,MKrBr,MXeBr,MBr,VolBr,TDI,Td,RHDI,DI,Pw,Tw,Aw,Bw,RHSw,Psat,
Tdew,Pvd,RH,LCL:extended;
errors1:boolean;
calcstr2,calcstr1,calcstr3,calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,calcstr7,
calcstr8,calcstr9,calcstr10,calcstr11,calcstr12,calcstr13,calcstr14,calcstr15,calcstr16,
calcstr17,calcstr18,calcstr19,calcstr20,calcstr21,calcstr22,calcstr23,calcstr24:string[30];
begin
errors1:=false;
form16.hide;
form16.show;
try
Ts:=strtofloat(form16.edit1.Text);
RHs:=strtofloat(form16.edit2.Text);
P:=strtofloat(form16.edit3.Text);
PercO:=strtofloat(form16.edit4.Text);
Tbr:=strtofloat(form16.edit5.Text);
except
errors1:=true;
end;
if (errors1=true) or
(Ts<0) or (Ts>70) or (RHs<=0) or (RHs>100) or (P<10) or (P>150) or(percO<0) or (percO>90)
or (Tbr<0) or (Tbr>70) then begin
form16.canvas.textout(0,100,'CHECK ENTRIES.');
goto 1
end;
Tsk:=Ts+273.15;
Tbrk:=Tbr+273.15;
Psatws:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Ts/234.5)*Ts/(257.14+Ts));
Psatwbr:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tbr/234.5)*Tbr/(257.14+Tbr));
Pvs:=Psatws*RHs/100;
Mvs:=Pvs/(0.4615*Tsk);
Mas:=(P-Pvs)/(0.287*Tsk);
PvBr:=Psatwbr;
molDaBr:=100-(PvBr/P)*100;
MolNBr:=78.03/100*moldaBr;
MolOBri:=20.99/100*molDaBr;
MolOBrf:=MolOBri-(percO/100*molObri);
MolCO2bri:=(0.033/100)*moldaBr;
MolCO2Brf:=molCO2bri+(percO/100*molObri);
molVbr:=100*Pvbr/P;
molArBr:=(0.94/100)*moldabr;
molNeBr:=(0.0015/100)*moldabr;
molHeBr:=(0.000524/100)*moldabr;
molKrBr:=(0.00014/100)*moldabr;
molXeBr:=(0.000006/100)*moldabr;
MNbr:=molNbr*0.028013;
MObrf:=molOBrf*0.031999;
MCO2Brf:=molCO2Brf*0.04401;
MVBr:=molVBr*0.018015;
MArBr:=molArBr*0.039948;
MNeBr:=molNeBr*0.020183;
MHeBr:=molHeBr*0.004003;
MKrBr:=molKrBr*0.08380;
MXeBr:=molXeBr*0.13130;
Denssa:=Mvs+Mas;
MBr:=MNbr+MOBrf+MCO2Brf+MVBr+MArBr+MNeBr+MHeBr+MKrBr+MXeBr;
VolBr:=100*0.00831447*Tbrk/P;
DensBr:=MBr/VolBr;
a:=9.80665*((denssa/densbr)-1);
VN:=100*MolNBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VO:=100*MolOBrf*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VCO2:=100*MolCO2Brf*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VV:=100*MolVBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VArg:=100*MolArBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VNe:=100*MolNeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VHe:=100*MolHeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VKr:=100*MolKrBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
VXe:=100*MolXeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;
str(Denssa:13:3,calcstr1);
str(DensBr:13:3,calcstr2);
str(a:13:2,calcstr3);
str(VN:13:4,calcstr4);
str(VO:13:4,calcstr5);
str(VCO2:13:4,calcstr6);
str(VV:13:4,calcstr7);
str(VArg:13:4,calcstr8);
str(VNe:13:4,calcstr9);
str(VHe:13:4,calcstr10);
str(VKr:13:4,calcstr11);
str(VXe:13:4,calcstr12);
form16.canvas.textout(0,100,'SURROUNDING AIR: DENSITY is: '+calcstr1+' kg/m^3.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,130,'BREATH: DENSITY is: '+calcstr2+' kg/m^3.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,170,'BREATH: ACCELERATION (negative is down and positive is up) is: '+calcstr3+' m/s^2.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,210,'Breath % vol N2: '+calcstr4+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,240,'Breath % vol O2: '+calcstr5+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,270,'Breath % vol CO2: '+calcstr6+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,300,'Breath % vol H20(g): '+calcstr7+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,330,'Breath % vol Ar: '+calcstr8+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,360,'Breath % vol Ne: '+calcstr9+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,390,'Breath % vol He: '+calcstr10+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,420,'Breath % vol Kr: '+calcstr11+'%.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,450,'Breath % vol Xe: '+calcstr12+'%.');
Td:=Ts;
TDI:=Td;
RHDI:=RHs;
DI:= (2*TDI) + (RHDI/100*TDI)+24;
Pw:=P/101.325;
Tw:=Td;
repeat
Tw:=Tw-0.001;
Aw:=611.2*exp(17.502*Tw/(240.97+Tw))-66.8745*(1+0.00115*Tw)*Pw*(Td-Tw);
Bw:=6.112*exp(17.502*Td/(240.97+Td));
RHSw:=Aw/Bw;
until (RHSw<=rhs);
RH:=RHs;
Tdew:=Td;
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Td/234.5)*Td/(257.14+Td));
Pvd:=(RH/100)*Psat;
repeat
Tdew:=Tdew-0.001;
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdew/234.5)*Tdew/(257.14+Tdew));
until (Psat<=Pvd);
LCL:=125*(Td-Tdew);
str(DI:13:1,calcstr13);
str(Tw:13:2,calcstr14);
str(Tdew:13:2,calcstr15);
str(LCL:13:2,calcstr16);
form16.canvas.textout(0,490,'Discomfort Index: '+calcstr13+' (90 to 100 very uncomfortable, 100 to 110 extremely uncomfortable, >110 hazardous).');
form16.canvas.textout(0,520,'Wet Bulb T: '+calcstr14+' deg C');
form16.canvas.textout(0,550,'Dew point: '+calcstr15+' deg C.');
form16.canvas.textout(0,580,'LCL: '+calcstr16+' m.');
1: end;
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