tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20241815155421786132024-02-19T04:09:03.358-08:00Swayseeker Air ArtistIdeas to solve air pollution problems. Things you may not know about air. The blog owner T E Miller (Swayseeker) will not accept liability or responsibility for any problems or mistakes. You can contact me at millertrader@gmail.com
Also see my profile at
https://mewe.com/i/thomasmiller13 Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.comBlogger81125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-71471139582164596642020-03-25T19:55:00.003-07:002020-03-25T19:55:19.085-07:00Covid-19 and vitamin D<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">From articles that I have read it appears that lack of sunshine or vitamin D could increase covid-19 infection rates - see </span><a data-ft="{"tn":"-U"}" data-lynx-mode="asynclazy" data-lynx-uri="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutefornaturalhealing.com%2F2020%2F03%2Fcoronavirus-one-vitamin-may-be-the-key-to-stopping-it%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2ODk0c6NEqrXV7K_JB90e6xZlOrsli1oAJ5TcHLfcldTUt_59GP2gp7x4&h=AT0RAfaU1FLgAYRdqYjJbKMakVi2OqoSpfJ4tFhkG1ArjJARdE64xp-uhDY54svs2DkrIrbILoeZ2PTr6sUo1lndcnL2AYcDkk2Vat5xWje1GxNydHAsTe3TAAsNqsJyti_rKZHk" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2020/03/coronavirus-one-vitamin-may-be-the-key-to-stopping-it/?fbclid=IwAR2ODk0c6NEqrXV7K_JB90e6xZlOrsli1oAJ5TcHLfcldTUt_59GP2gp7x4" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2020/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">03/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">coronavirus-one-vitamin-may-be-the-key-to</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>-stopping-it/</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> For this reason it could be a good idea to be outside in the sunshine for a portion of the day. As people get older they often suffer from low vitamin D levels. Is it sig</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">nificant that older people are more badly affected by covid-19?<br />Italy is famous for narrow streets where sunlight does not easily enter. Could this be why Italy was so badly affected?<br />Covid-19 causes respiratory problems. Is it significant that vitamin D helps prevent respiratory infections - see article mentioned.</span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-24736031208630252572020-02-01T18:54:00.000-08:002020-02-01T18:54:06.619-08:00Sample codelabel 1;<br />
var<br />
T1,Rh1,RH2,T2,T1c,ht,Psat1,Psat2,Pv,Tdew,Psat:extended;<br />
errors1:boolean;<br />
calcstr2,calcstr1:string[30];<br />
begin<br />
errors1:=false;<br />
form4.hide;<br />
form4.show;<br />
{form4.Memo1.clearselection};<br />
try<br />
T1:=strtofloat(form4.edit1.Text);<br />
Rh1:=strtofloat(form4.edit2.Text);<br />
T2:=strtofloat(form4.edit3.Text);<br />
except<br />
errors1:=true;<br />
end;<br />
if (errors1=true) or<br />
(t1<0.01) or (t1>69) or (rh1<0) or (rh1>100) or<br />
(t2<0.1) or (t2>70) or (T2<T1+0.02)<br />
then begin<br />
form4.Memo1.Lines.Add('CHECK ENTRIES.');<br />
goto 1<br />
end;<br />
T1C:=T1;<br />
ht:=1000*(T2-T1)/3.3;<br />
RH1:=RH1/100;<br />
Psat1:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T1/234.5)*T1/(257.14+T1));<br />
Pv:=Psat1*RH1;<br />
Psat2:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T2/234.5)*T2/(257.14+T2));<br />
Rh2:=Pv/Psat2; {ie partial pressure of water vapour/psat2}<br />
str(rh2*100:9:2,calcstr1);<br />
form4.Memo1.lines.Add('Final relative humidity (at T2) is: '+calcstr1+'%.');<br />
Tdew:=T1;<br />
repeat<br />
Tdew:=Tdew-0.001;<br />
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdew/234.5)*Tdew/(257.14+Tdew));<br />
until (Psat<=Pv);<br />
str(Tdew:12:2,calcstr2);<br />
form4.Memo1.Lines.Add('Dew point is: '+calcstr2+' deg C.');<br />
1: end;Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-15799541221341255662020-01-11T08:56:00.001-08:002020-01-13T15:38:06.253-08:00Problems with renewable energy<a href="https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/12/23/solar-panel-waste-a-disposal-problem/">https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/12/23/solar-panel-waste-a-disposal-problem/</a> says:<br />
"<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: "pt serif" , serif; font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.3em;">Solar photovoltaic panels, whose operating life is 20 to 30 years, lose productivity over time. The International Renewable Energy Agency estimated that there were about 250,000 metric tons of solar panel waste in the world at the end of 2016 and that this figure would definitely increase. Solar panels contain lead, cadmium, and other toxic chemicals that cannot be removed without breaking apart the entire panel.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: "pt serif" , serif; font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.3em;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.9045px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="color: #404040; font-family: 'pt serif', serif;">
<span style="font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.3em;">In November 2016, Japan’s Environment Ministry issued a warning that the amount of solar panel waste Japan produces each year is likely to increase from 10,000 to 800,000 tons by 2040, and the country has no plan for safely disposing of it. <span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.9045px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span> A recent report found that it would take 19 years for Toshiba Environmental Solutions to finish recycling all of the solar waste Japan produced by 2020. By 2034, the annual waste production will be 70 to 80 time larger than that of 2020. </span><span style="font-size: 13.9045px; line-height: 0px;">"</span></div>
<div style="color: #404040; font-family: 'pt serif', serif;">
<span style="font-size: 13.9045px; line-height: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #404040; font-family: 'pt serif', serif;">
<span style="font-size: 13.9045px; line-height: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<a href="https://fee.org/articles/solar-panels-produce-tons-of-toxic-waste-literally/">https://fee.org/articles/solar-panels-produce-tons-of-toxic-waste-literally/</a> says:<br />
<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "montserrat"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 29.3333px;">"More disconcerting, however, is the environmental impact of these chemicals. </span><a href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article176294243/Studie-Umweltrisiken-durch-Schadstoffe-in-Solarmodulen.html" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #eb4032; font-family: Montserrat; font-size: 19px; line-height: 29.3333px; text-decoration: none;">Based on</a><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "montserrat"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 29.3333px;"> installed capacity and power-related weight, we can estimate that by 2016, photovoltaics had spread about 11,000 tons of lead and about 800 tons of cadmium. A hazard summary of cadmium compounds produced by the EPA </span><a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/cadmium-compounds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #eb4032; font-family: Montserrat; font-size: 19px; line-height: 29.3333px; text-decoration: none;">points out</a><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "montserrat"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 29.3333px;"> that exposure to cadmium can lead to serious lung irritation and long-lasting impairment of pulmonary functions. Exposure to lead hardly needs further explanation."</span><br />
<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "montserrat"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 29.3333px;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/theres-a-looming-waste-crisis-from-australias-solar-energy-boom-117421">https://theconversation.com/theres-a-looming-waste-crisis-from-australias-solar-energy-boom-117421</a> says:</span><br />
<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "montserrat"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 29.3333px;">"</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "libre baskerville" , "georgia" , "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;">Solar panels generally last about 20 years. And lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, which will be the most common battery storage for solar, last between five and 15 years. Many solar panels have already been retired, but battery waste will start to emerge more significantly in 2025. By 2050 the projected amount of waste from retired solar panels in Australia is over 1,500 kilotonnes (kT)." and</span><br />
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"Given Australia is struggling to recycle simple waste, such as cardboard and plastics, in a cost-effective way, we need to question our capability to deal with more complex solar PV and battery waste.<br />
<span style="line-height: 28.8px;">Australia currently has little capacity to recycle both </span><a href="http://reclaimpv.com/" style="color: #555768; line-height: 28.8px; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">solar panels</a><span style="line-height: 28.8px;">and </span><a href="https://envirostream.com.au/" style="color: #555768; line-height: 28.8px; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">batteries</a><span style="line-height: 28.8px;">."</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 28.8px;"><a href="https://quillette.com/2019/02/27/why-renewables-cant-save-the-planet/">https://quillette.com/2019/02/27/why-renewables-cant-save-the-planet/</a> says:</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 28.8px;">"</span><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "libre baskerville" , "georgia" , serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.95px;">Consider California. Between 2011–17 the cost of solar panels declined about 75 percent, and yet our electricity prices</span><a href="http://environmentalprogress.org/big-news/2018/2/12/electricity-prices-rose-three-times-more-in-california-than-in-rest-of-us-in-2017" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.95px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span class="s2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">rose five times more</span></a><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "libre baskerville" , "georgia" , serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.95px;"> than they did in the rest of the U.S. It’s the same story in Germany, the world leader in solar and wind energy. Its electricity prices increased 50 percent between 2006–17, as it scaled up renewables."</span><br />
<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "libre baskerville" , "georgia" , serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.95px;"><a href="https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2019/04/02/why-100-renewable-energy-goals-are-not-practical-policies/#gref">https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2019/04/02/why-100-renewable-energy-goals-are-not-practical-policies/#gref</a> says: "<span style="color: #464749; font-family: "ibm plex sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32.96px;">The issue is that our current technologies are intermittent, variable, and unpredictable as they depend on the weather and consequently have limited capacity factors. At the scale needed, storage is currently not a viable option as the technology is very </span><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/611683/the-25-trillion-reason-we-cant-rely-on-batteries-to-clean-up-the-grid/?utm_campaign=owned_social&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&fbclid=IwAR3KHgutj8Lblpbx6hvgg89dmDhsOAo2S4NLx-yC_Z2RPvK_vJK6lY9mHxA" style="border-bottom: 2px solid var(--c-branding); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32.96px; text-decoration: none; transition: color var(--t-base),border-color var(--t-base),background-color var(--t-base);">expensive</a><span style="color: #464749; font-family: "ibm plex sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32.96px;"> and still developing."</span></span><span style="line-height: 28.8px;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "libre baskerville" , "georgia" , serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.95px;"><span style="color: #464749; font-family: "ibm plex sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32.96px;"><a href="https://www.investors.com/politics/commentary/renewable-energy-possible-good-environment/">https://www.investors.com/politics/commentary/renewable-energy-possible-good-environment/</a> says: "<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Lato, Arial, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.563em;">There's another problem with renewable energy that environmentalists and politicians tend to overlook when pushing their 100% renewable plans.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, Arial, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.563em; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
Most forms of "clean" energy require massive amounts of land to produce relatively small amounts of energy."</div>
</div>
</div>
Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-73050730617658734702020-01-09T00:04:00.000-08:002020-01-09T00:10:08.286-08:00Facebook Profile and Other SitesMy Facebook profile is at <a href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php">https://www.facebook.com/profile.php</a><br />
For other sites of mine see <a href="https://temsites.blogspot.com/">https://temsites.blogspot.com</a>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-56487962842287931032020-01-08T23:56:00.004-08:002020-01-08T23:56:34.120-08:00Cheap Energy for Africa with Carbon Dioxide Reduction<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">For reliable renewable energy one needs costly batteries for steady supply and it seems unlikely we will be able to afford sufficient supplies of batteries in the near future. Here is the only solution I can see: </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">1) Allow mines to install their own gas turbine power stations so mines can operate well and cheaply all the time</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">2) En</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">courage gas and oil companies to set up in South Africa, but legislate that they must distribute alkaline rock dust (from alkaline mine tailings, etc), to react with carbon dioxide and remove it from the atmosphere.<br />3) Also allow smelters to set up their own gas turbine power stations so that aluminium smelters, etc, can operate well all the time.<br />Africa and other regions need reliable power and it is unlikely that greenhouse gas concentrations will be reduced. The world could use gas and also alkaline rock to remove carbon dioxide in general from the air and the carbon dioxide created by burning the gas. We could cool Earth like this.<br />Taking CO2 out of the air: Here is some mathematics for all: Basalt has a density of about 3 tonnes per cubic metre.<br />A 1 mm thick layer of basalt spread over an area of 1 square km has a volume of (1/1000)x(1000)x(1000) = 1000 cubic metres.<br />Mass of 1 mm thick basalt layer on 1 square km = volumexdensity = (1000 cubic metres)x(3 tonnes per cubic metre) =3000 tonnes.<br />1 tonne of basalt can react with about 0.3 tonnes of CO2.<br />Therefore 3000 tones of basalt can react with about 3000x0.3 = 900 tonnes of CO2.<br />In a cubic metre of air in a polluted city there could be about 900 tonnes of CO2 in a cubic km.<br />Conclusion: A 1 mm thick layer of basalt could take out all the CO2 for a km above the basalt layer. Powdered basalt should be used to make the reaction thousands of times faster.<br /><br />See <a data-ft="{"tn":"-U"}" data-lynx-mode="asynclazy" data-lynx-uri="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F20022018%2Fglobal-warming-solutions-carbon-storage-farm-soil-crushed-volcanic-rock-research%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3k_85nkp36yicPTMMxQGbc-2d1ts7xHc3DdfaxkX-iHFWVc3lq9TLJAnM&h=AT1LURffQcffBfAw-jFiRhlPiGBHYUgLBjIrJ53i8NK0hmbwfKheBBCr1jbxs9H9gk1kXFNAoaFsbfRUBU1FwQc0qN8NQGR5c8MktWA4IKwqFUt1CQhvSXZzVgrPO6XXJE30ekPk" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20022018/global-warming-solutions-carbon-storage-farm-soil-crushed-volcanic-rock-research?fbclid=IwAR3k_85nkp36yicPTMMxQGbc-2d1ts7xHc3DdfaxkX-iHFWVc3lq9TLJAnM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">20022018/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">global-warming-solutions-carbon-storage-f</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>arm-soil-crushed-volcanic-rock-research</a>? and<br /><br /><a data-ft="{"tn":"-U"}" data-lynx-mode="asynclazy" href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2F02%2Fspreading-crushed-rock-on-farms-could-improve-soil-and-lower-co%E2%82%82%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2vsmit4UCmtlqEtHW66sPXKhqrVTlsaFeS3QZ4jWRMvvX0c-xuIQ5aghg&h=AT1z36dOxG84NgCovt5l7_KnGhOj22gXZJwGlQke6uFBSr3uBporEC9s2C39kFOhpVkh0eKis7_0TsK5ZeSdJ0932qnQvO0W9zhFBuAQoUHXYB5oJjlQbR-EP65prXa6amTnh9Ea" rel="nofollow" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/02/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">spreading-crushed-rock-on-farms-could-imp</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>rove-soil-and-lower-co₂/</a> and<br /><br /><a data-ft="{"tn":"-U"}" data-lynx-mode="asynclazy" href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgulf%2Foman%2Foman-rocks-to-help-fight-global-warming-1.1810841%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3oC9iEmK2MwmBZmfHn1TQAYAIvrB9r1q3v8Sq0WHKqZFdF_47BLVqlNZo&h=AT1DXnZU6soHvrmVZfz2sHjanzMvxIGM1kdngWceLTWmICkR8rc4SOOU3BOHWKt6N1FQFIYz90oCAFnpEPmwVX1uB_rpAebojJIyPXvpYU-pisFkGg1dRC7bdCQMTCl6Yufsp4OR" rel="nofollow" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">oman-rocks-to-help-fight-global-warming-1</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>.1810841</a> and<br /><br /><a data-ft="{"tn":"-U"}" data-lynx-mode="asynclazy" data-lynx-uri="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Farctic-news.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F07%2Folivine-weathering-to-capture-co2-and-counter-climate-change.html%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1jhfhIXxtvTaLF7y_1Ki8qiJc1kVdJdhiVTSBFv4HFWvsRFF4-8a2rGv0&h=AT0FgsfkDNpSs4E7TT6hQh7IyB8tRQcNhlfk5fusTlZGJ1bEDlwEAEHD0n2XChIULjNf9m_Pwkn51qquq0ogiSiSFGzdKmPwjrgIXSH6FVQaBbM70Q5u17qV-4Wq3KllhvUZGTaB" href="https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/olivine-weathering-to-capture-co2-and-counter-climate-change.html?fbclid=IwAR1jhfhIXxtvTaLF7y_1Ki8qiJc1kVdJdhiVTSBFv4HFWvsRFF4-8a2rGv0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2016/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">07/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">olivine-weathering-to-capture-co2-and-cou</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>nter-climate-change.html</a>?</span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-66734697691649828532019-11-26T19:04:00.003-08:002019-11-26T19:04:40.787-08:00Lift for a balloon by adding water vapour<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Example: Surrounding air is at 25 deg C and RH=60% and P=100 kPa.</span><br style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">A cubic metre of the surrounding air has 1.6 kg of water evaporated into it and ends up at 95 deg C (so the system is a cubic metre of air at 25 deg C and 1.6 kg of water both heated to 95 deg C). The buoyancy of 1 cubic metre of this hot expanded air is now 0.462 kg. The RH is now 82.03% (after water added and heated). With no water added but surrounding air heated to 95 deg C the RH would be 2.25% and the buoyancy would be 0.221 kg.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">Here is some computer code that will work out the details for you - I wrote it is Delphi. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">Inputs are Tair1 (temperature of surrounding air in deg C), </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">RH1 (relative humidity of surrounding air (percent), </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">P (atmospheric pressure in kPa, </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">Tair2 (temperature to which air and water will be heated to become moist air), </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">ng (number of grams of water that will be heated with 1 cubic metre of surrounding air to Tair2).</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Delphi code is below:</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">label 1;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">var</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">HR1,HR2,Tk1,Tk2,Tair1,RH1,RH2,<wbr></wbr>P,Tair2,ng,Psatv1,Psatv2,Pv1,<wbr></wbr>Pv2,Mv1,Ma1,Mv2,Ma2,</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">denss,densp,F,a,Dair1,Dair2,<wbr></wbr>Psati,Enth1,Enth2,Enth2m1,Tav,<wbr></wbr>Enthv,Enthvkg,mf1,mf2:<wbr></wbr>extended;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">errors1:boolean;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">calcstr1,calcstr2,calcstr3,<wbr></wbr>calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,<wbr></wbr>calcstr7,calcstr8,</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">calcstr9,calcstr10,calcstr11,<wbr></wbr>calcstr12,calcstr13,calcstr14,<wbr></wbr>calcstr15,calcstr16,</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">calcstr17,calcstr18,calcstr19,<wbr></wbr>calcstr20:string[30];</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">begin</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">errors1:=false;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.hide;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.show;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">try</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Tair1:=strtofloat(form20.<wbr></wbr>edit1.Text);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">RH1:=strtofloat(form20.edit2.<wbr></wbr>Text);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">P:=strtofloat(form20.edit3.<wbr></wbr>Text);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Tair2:=strtofloat(form20.<wbr></wbr>edit4.Text);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">ng:=strtofloat(form20.edit5.<wbr></wbr>Text);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">except</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">errors1:=true;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">end;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">if (errors1=true) or</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">(Tair1<0.1) or (Tair1>80) or (Rh1<1) or (RH1>100) or (P<50) or (P>150) or (Tair2<0.1) or (Tair2>98)</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">or (ng<0) or (ng>10000)</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">then begin</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,100,'<wbr></wbr>CHECK ENTRIES.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">goto 1</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">end;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Tk1:=Tair1+273.15;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Tk2:=Tair2+273.15;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Psatv1:=0.61121*exp((18.678-<wbr></wbr>Tair1/234.5)*Tair1/(257.14+<wbr></wbr>Tair1));</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Pv1:=Psatv1*RH1/100;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Mv1:=Pv1/(0.4615*Tk1);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Ma1:=(P-Pv1)/(0.287*Tk1);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">HR1:=Mv1/Ma1;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">HR2:=(Mv1+(ng/1000))/Ma1;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Psatv2:=0.61121*exp((18.678-<wbr></wbr>Tair2/234.5)*Tair2/(257.14+<wbr></wbr>Tair2));</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">RH2:=(HR2*P)/((0.622+HR2)*<wbr></wbr>Psatv2);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Pv2:=Psatv2*RH2;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Mv2:=Pv2/(0.4615*Tk2);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Ma2:=(P-Pv2)/(0.287*Tk2);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Enth1:=ma1*1.005*Tair1+(ma1)*<wbr></wbr>HR1*(2501.3+1.88*Tair1)+(ng/<wbr></wbr>1000)*4.18*Tair1;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Enth2:=ma1*1.005*Tair2+(ma1)*<wbr></wbr>HR2*(2501.3+1.88*Tair2);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Enth2m1:=Enth2-Enth1;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Dair1:=(Mv1+Ma1);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Dair2:=(Mv2+Ma2);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">denss:=Dair1;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Densp:=Dair2;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">F:=9.80665*(Denss-densp);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">a:=9.80665*((denss/densp)-1);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Tav:=(Tair1+Tair2)/2;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">mf1:=Pv1/P;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">mf2:=Pv2/P;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Enthv:=2501.3-2.4432443*(Tav-<wbr></wbr>0.01);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Enthvkg:=ng*Enthv/3600;</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Mv1:12:6,calcstr1);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Ma1:12:6,calcstr2);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Dair1:12:6,calcstr3);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(HR1:12:6,calcstr4);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Mv2:12:6,calcstr5);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Ma2:12:6,calcstr6);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Dair2:12:6,calcstr7);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(HR2:12:6,calcstr8);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(RH2*100:12:2,calcstr9);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(F:12:3,calcstr10);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str((F/9.80665):12:3,<wbr></wbr>calcstr11);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(a:12:3,calcstr12);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Enth1:12:3,calcstr13);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Enth2:12:3,calcstr14);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Enth2m1:12:3,calcstr15);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Enth2m1*(1000/3600):12:3,<wbr></wbr>calcstr16);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Enthv:12:3,calcstr17);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(Enthvkg:12:3,calcstr18);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(mf1:12:3,calcstr19);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">str(mf2:12:3,calcstr20);</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,100,'<wbr></wbr>For surrounding air, mass of vapour Mv1 is: '+calcstr1+' kg/m^3.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,130,'<wbr></wbr>For surrounding air, mass of air Ma1 is: '+calcstr2+' kg/m^3.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,160,'<wbr></wbr>For surrounding air, density of air Dair1 is: '+calcstr3+' kg/m^3.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,190,'<wbr></wbr>For surrounding air, humidity ratio HR1 is: '+calcstr4+' kg/kg.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,230,'<wbr></wbr>For parcel, Mv2 is: '+calcstr5+' kg/m^3.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,260,'<wbr></wbr>For parcel, Ma2 is: '+calcstr6+' kg/m^3.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,290,'<wbr></wbr>For parcel, Dair2 is: '+calcstr7+' kg/m^3.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,320,'<wbr></wbr>For parcel, HR2 is: '+calcstr8+' kg/kg.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,350,'<wbr></wbr>For parcel at Tair2 deg C, relative humidity RH2 after adding water is: '+calcstr9+'%.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,390,'<wbr></wbr>Buoyancy force on a 1 cubic metre parcel of air is: '+calcstr10+' N ('+calcstr11+' kg force).');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,420,'<wbr></wbr>Initial acceleration of the parcel of air is: '+calcstr12+' m/(s.s).');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,460,'<wbr></wbr>For 1 m^3 Enth1 is: '+calcstr13+' kJ. Enth2 is: '+calcstr14+' kJ.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,490,'<wbr></wbr>Enthalpy difference for the two situations is Enth2 - Enth1, which is: '+calcstr15+' kJ.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,520,'<wbr></wbr>Enthalpy difference starting with 1000 m^3 is 1000(Enth2 - Enth1) is: '+calcstr16+' kWh.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,550,'<wbr></wbr>Enthalpy of vaporisation at Tav=(Tair1+Tair2)/2 is: '+calcstr17+' kJ/kg.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,580,'<wbr></wbr>Enthalpy of vaporisation at Tav=(Tair1+Tair2)/2 for ng kg is: '+calcstr18+' kWh.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">form20.canvas.textout(0,610,'<wbr></wbr>For surrounding air, mole fraction of water vapour mf1 is: '+calcstr19+' For parcel, mf2 is: '+calcstr20+'.');</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;"></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">1: end;</span></span></div>
Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-82173565580550888532019-11-01T07:05:00.001-07:002019-11-24T00:09:25.355-08:00Amount of basalt to react with CO2 in airI believe we will need to take CO2, SO2, NOx, etc, out of the air with powdered basalt and other alkaline rocks. You can join my group <a href="https://mewe.com/group/5dca2395b0d95521915ec355"><span style="font-size: large;">https://mewe.com/group/5dca2395b0d95521915ec355</span></a><br />
Here is Delphi computer code that will calculate approximately how much basalt powder is needed The inputs are T (air temperature in deg C), RH in %, P (atmospheric pressure in kPa - at the coast P is about 101 kPa), ppm (parts per million of CO2 (probably 415 or more parts). <br />
Code is below:<br />
label 1;<br />
var<br />
Dair,Ma,Tk,Mv,Pv,HR,P,RH,T,Psatw,Pdair,PCO2,MCO2,<br />
Dairkg,PercCV,PercVV,ppm,molH2O,molCO2,thirdc,mbthirdc:extended;<br />
errors1:boolean;<br />
calcstr1,calcstr2,calcstr3,calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,calcstr7,<br />
calcstr8,calcstr9,calcstr10,calcstr11,calcstr12,calcstr13:string[30];<br />
begin<br />
errors1:=false;<br />
form21.hide;<br />
form21.show;<br />
try<br />
T:=strtofloat(form21.edit1.Text);<br />
RH:=strtofloat(form21.edit2.Text);<br />
P:=strtofloat(form21.edit3.Text);<br />
ppm:=strtofloat(form21.edit4.Text);<br />
except<br />
errors1:=true;<br />
end;<br />
if (errors1=true) or<br />
(T<0) or (T>70) or (RH<1) or (RH>100) or (P<10) or (P>150) or<br />
(ppm<100) or (ppm>2500)<br />
then begin<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,100,'CHECK ENTRIES.');<br />
goto 1<br />
end;<br />
Tk:=T+273.15;<br />
Psatw:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T/234.5)*T/(257.14+T));<br />
Pv:=Psatw*RH/100;<br />
Pdair:=(P-Pv);<br />
PCO2:=Pdair*ppm/1000000;<br />
{HR:=0.622*Pv/(P-Pv);}<br />
Mv:=Pv/(0.4615*Tk);<br />
Ma:=(P-Pv)/(0.287*Tk);<br />
MCO2:=PCO2/(0.1889*Tk);<br />
HR:=Mv/Ma;<br />
Dair:=Mv+Ma;<br />
PercCV:=(PCO2/P)*100;<br />
PercVV:=(Pv/P)*100;<br />
molH2O:=Pv/(0.00831447*Tk);<br />
molCO2:=PCO2/(0.00831447*Tk);<br />
thirdc:=MCO2*1000000*(1/3);<br />
mbthirdc:=thirdC*3.33333;<br />
str(Psatw:13:4,calcstr1);<br />
str(Pv:13:4,calcstr2);<br />
str(HR:13:6,calcstr3);<br />
str(Mv*1000:13:3,calcstr4);<br />
str(Ma*1000:13:3,calcstr5);<br />
str(Dair*1000:13:3,calcstr6);<br />
str(MCO2*1000:13:3,calcstr7);<br />
str(MCO2*1000000:13:2,calcstr8);<br />
str(PercCV:13:3,calcstr9);<br />
str(PercVV:13:3,calcstr10);<br />
str(molCO2:13:4,calcstr11);<br />
str(molH2O:13:4,calcstr12);<br />
str(mbthirdc:13:1,calcstr13);<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,120,'Saturation vapour pressure over water (Psatwater) is: '+calcstr1+' kPa.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,150,'Pv (actual vapour pressure over water) is: '+calcstr2+' kPa.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,180,'HR (humidity ratio over water) is: '+calcstr3+' kg/kg.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,210,'Mass of vapour in one cubic metre is: '+calcstr4+' grams.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,240,'Mass of DRY air in one cubic metre is: '+calcstr5+' grams.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,270,'Density of air (includes water vapour) is: '+calcstr6+' grams per cubic metre.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,300,'Mass of carbon dioxide in one cubic metre is: '+calcstr7+' grams.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,330,'Mass of carbon dioxide in one cubic kilometre is: '+calcstr8+' tonnes.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,360,'Carbon dioxide (volume percent) is: '+calcstr9+'%.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,390,'Water vapour (volume percent) is: '+calcstr10+'%.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,420,'Moles of carbon dioxide in one cubic metre is: '+calcstr11+' mol.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,450,'Moles of water vapour in one cubic metre is: '+calcstr12+' mol.');<br />
form21.canvas.textout(0,480,'Mass of basalt needed to take out a third of the CO2 in one cubic km is: '+calcstr13+' tonnes.');<br />
1: end;Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-50129426530306855812019-09-14T00:05:00.001-07:002019-09-14T00:45:43.905-07:00Water from air Delphi2 Code<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">THE CODE BELOW IS FREEWARE:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">T1 is the temperature of the surrounding air in deg C, RH1 is the relative humidity in percent, P1 is the atmospheric pressure in kPa (at sea level it is about 101.325 kPa), T2 is the temperature to which the air will be cooled, V1 is the volume of air you are going to cool in cubic metres. Code below:</span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">label 1;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">var</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">EnthV1MWh,EnthV1kWh,EnthV1,NokgdaV1,Enthd,Psatw1,Psatw2,Tk1,Tk2,Mvpa1,Enth1,Enth2,Ma1,Mv1,HR1,HR2,</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Pv1,PV2,T1,RH1,P1,P2,T2,V1,kgDryAir,EdpkgDA,EnthDV,HR1mHR2,HR1mHR2V,kgpkWh,Td,RH,Psat,Pv,Tdew:extended;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">errors1:boolean;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">calcstr2,calcstr1,calcstr3,calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,calcstr7,</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">calcstr8,calcstr9,calcstr10,calcstr11,calcstr12,calcstr13,calcstr14,</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">calcstr15,calcstr16,calcstr17,calcstr18:string[30];</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">begin</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">errors1:=false;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.hide;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.show;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">try</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">T1:=strtofloat(form2.edit1.Text);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">RH1:=strtofloat(form2.edit2.Text);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">P1:=strtofloat(form2.edit3.Text);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">T2:=strtofloat(form2.edit4.Text);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">V1:=strtofloat(form2.edit5.Text);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">except</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">errors1:=true;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">end;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">if (errors1=true) or</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">(T1<0.1) or (T1>100) or (RH1<0.1) or (RH1>100) or (P1<50) or (P1>150) or (T2<0.1) or</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">(T2>100) or (V1<0) or (T2>=T1-0.01)</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">then begin</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,100,'CHECK ENTRIES.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">goto 1</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">end;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Tk1:=T1+273.15;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Tk2:=T2+273.15;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Td:=T1;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">RH:=RH1;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Td/234.5)*Td/(257.14+Td));</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Pv:=(RH/100)*Psat;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Tdew:=Td;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">repeat</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Tdew:=Tdew-0.001;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdew/234.5)*Tdew/(257.14+Tdew));</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">until (Psat<=Pv);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(Tdew:12:2,calcstr18);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Psatw1:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T1/234.5)*T1/(257.14+T1));</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Pv1:=Psatw1*RH1/100;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">HR1:=0.622*Pv1/(P1-Pv1);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Ma1:=(P1-Pv1)/(0.287*Tk1);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Enth1:=(1.005*T1)+HR1*(2501.3+1.88*T1);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Psatw2:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T2/234.5)*T2/(257.14+T2));</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">HR2:=Hr1;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">P2:=P1;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">if (Psatw2<PV1) then begin</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Pv2:=Psatw2;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">HR2:=0.622*Pv2/(P2-Pv2);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,90,'Water condenses out. Dew point is:'+calcstr18+' deg C');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">end;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">Enth2:=(1.005*T2)+HR2*(2501.3+1.88*T2);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">kgDryAir:=V1*Ma1;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">EdpkgDA:=(Enth2-Enth1);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">EnthDV:=kgDryAir*EdpkgDA;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">HR1mHR2:=HR1-HR2;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">HR1mHR2V:=kgDryAir*HR1mHR2;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">kgpkWh:=(-1)*HR1mHR2V/(EnthDV/3600);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(Enth1:13:4,calcstr1);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(Enth2:13:4,calcstr2);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(EdpkgDA:13:6,calcstr3);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(Ma1:13:4,calcstr4);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(kgDryAir,calcstr5);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(EnthDV,calcstr6);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str((EnthDV/3600),calcstr7);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str((EnthDV/3600000),calcstr8);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str((HR1mHR2*1000):13:4,calcstr9);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(HR1mHR2V,calcstr10);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str((HR1*1000):13:4,calcstr11);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str((HR2*1000):13:4,calcstr12);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(EnthV1MWh,calcstr16);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">str(kgpkWh:13:4,calcstr17);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,120,'Enthalpy1 per kg dry air is: '+calcstr1+' kJ/kg dry air.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,150,'Enthalpy2 per kg dry air is: '+calcstr2+' kJ/kg dry air.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,180,'Enthalpy difference per kg dry air is: '+calcstr3+' kJ/kg dry air.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,210,'Mass of DRY air in one cubic metre of original air is: '+calcstr4+' kg.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,240,'Number of kg of dry air in V1 is: '+calcstr5+' kg.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,270,'FOR VOLUME V1: Heat added to volume V1 of air (Enthalpy difference for volume V1) is: '+calcstr6+' kJ.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,300,'FOR VOLUME V1: Heat added to volume V1 of air is: '+calcstr7+' kWh.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,330,'FOR VOLUME V1: Heat added to volume V1 of air is: '+calcstr8+' MWh.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,370,'HR1 - HR2 g/kg is: '+calcstr9+' grams of water vapour per kg dry air (CONDENSES OUT).');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,400,'(HR1 - HR2 kg/kg)x(number of kg dry air in volume V1) is: '+calcstr10+' kg of water (CONDENSES OUT).');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,440,'HR1 is: '+calcstr11+' g/kg.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,470,'HR2 is: '+calcstr12+' g/kg.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,520,'SUMMARY. Total mass of water condensing out of the air is: '+calcstr10+' kg.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,550,'SUMMARY: Total heat added to the air is: '+calcstr7+' kWh.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,580,'SUMMARY: kg of water produced per kWh of heat removed from air: '+calcstr17+' kg/kWh.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">form2.canvas.textout(0,610,'SUMMARY: Dew point temperature is: '+calcstr18+' deg C.');</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;">1: end;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<br />Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-90557593326768022262019-08-31T15:43:00.003-07:002019-08-31T15:43:49.139-07:00Removal of methane from the atmosphere<a data-ft="{"tn":"-U"}" data-lynx-mode="asynclazy" data-lynx-uri="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAtmospheric_methane%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3qRYW7Pu53cICPR-xBNJnTuD2XkLK8NMiy9wn33HC11gQKpyO8z9CNmlk%23Removal_processes&h=AT0Qh1vvaodSSYtV0J83emrNUjmauVm8rktu8ouMBLDioNzBdqxt1DyD56aZpklQ25g0xviYFmnYTpMJE_xg9-mNFoLTA4gV3-qq-P6A4x-FvuxrnYax9gXoD1-12jhbphBYvw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_methane?fbclid=IwAR3qRYW7Pu53cICPR-xBNJnTuD2XkLK8NMiy9wn33HC11gQKpyO8z9CNmlk#Removal_processes" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>Atmospheric_methane#Removal_processes</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"> says " Furthermore, in an attempt to absorb the methane that is already being produced from landfills, experiments in which nutrients were added to the soil to allow methanotrophs to thrive have been conducted. These nutrient supplemented landfills have been shown to act as a small scale methane sink, allowing the abundance of met</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">hanotrophs to sponge the methane from the air to use as energy, effectively reducing the landfill's emissions." Also says: "Forest soils act as good sinks for atmospheric methane because soils are optimally moist for methanotroph activity, and the movement of gases between soil and atmosphere (soil diffusivity) is high " So forests could be good.</span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-70511114671955106262019-08-20T00:31:00.002-07:002019-08-20T15:16:28.562-07:00Humidification for rain<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px;">This triangular cloth-covered framework device shown will deflect a huge volume of air into the almost saturated layer just above the sea during the course of a day and will facilitate the evaporation of spray above the surface by creating turbulence with the downwards direction of the air. Just before a sea breeze develops (breeze from sea to land) the air that is being warmed on land expands upwards and outwards, keeping the sea breeze from developing. Warm dry air from this expanded volume of air will be mixed, by this device, into the spray and almost-saturated air region just above the sea just before the sea breeze develops. A deeper moist layer will then blow in with the sea breeze, facilitating rain.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px;">If the spray was just rising a few cm without the device and is forced a few m upwards by the wind with the device there will be a big increase in evaporation. If a few cubic km of air per day is directed down by the device you will have a huge amount of moist air. Imagine the device is 1 km long, 1/100 km high and wind blows at 10 km/hour for 20 hours. Then 2 cubic km of air per day could be forced down.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px;">When there is a drought the land gets hotter because of no evaporation (hot deserts are hotter than tropical forests where there is evaporation). When land gets hotter the air above the land gets hotter and then relative humidity of the air drops and the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) increases a lot. From what I have read plants generally like a vapour pressure deficit (VPD) of between 0.8 kPa and 1.2 kPa. This means that the vapour pressure inside the plant minus the vapour pressure in the air should be 0.8 to 1.2 kPa. Failing this there is wilting, etc. Even if you do not get rain it might be worthwhile humidifying the air around the coast or planting more trees</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.32px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvQ6JFEVr1kCdrGAU4NE_trg6Z3tnFN27ZIfSbn2wKBnPYnijcU_8Nx2Bf99pKmA04xpThF3dRp9ZBOjjMYJKRY2pDYPTHRYhyphenhyphenlOvkCQzlAG0-xisr2G0puOKdspuRo35PE-DUI_Wvf5I/s1600/Spray+evaporator+by+T+E+Miller+%2528Swayseeker%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="845" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvQ6JFEVr1kCdrGAU4NE_trg6Z3tnFN27ZIfSbn2wKBnPYnijcU_8Nx2Bf99pKmA04xpThF3dRp9ZBOjjMYJKRY2pDYPTHRYhyphenhyphenlOvkCQzlAG0-xisr2G0puOKdspuRo35PE-DUI_Wvf5I/s320/Spray+evaporator+by+T+E+Miller+%2528Swayseeker%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><br /></span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-48157636978237027162019-08-16T11:49:00.001-07:002019-08-18T09:17:19.077-07:00Wetter or drier?<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">Will the world become wetter or drier overall? The article </span><a data-ft="{"tn":"-U"}" data-lynx-mode="asynclazy" data-lynx-uri="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fnews%2Fdrying-atmosphere-spurs-decline-vegetation-growth%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0RSFcMj3kxSzoTP_80rAhnrPAlX8dNYWhzFxV8RdF26weWUTLog9LPuZI&h=AT0EgHW7cT3_jaXgwbDZ7K5uQ8KUfSQcwuWD_ujii8tY_NEXw7ru-V2wFkjkXbcnlVFUh63c633GJ4WxTNCYAI3Vn-lq91GDfKONwe9HyOUAQvaQczgXKC3-gyYce0qb3NQSVA" href="https://www.aaas.org/news/drying-atmosphere-spurs-decline-vegetation-growth?fbclid=IwAR0RSFcMj3kxSzoTP_80rAhnrPAlX8dNYWhzFxV8RdF26weWUTLog9LPuZI" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://www.aaas.org/news/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">drying-atmosphere-spurs-decline-vegetatio</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>n-growth</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"> says: "The findings reveal that atmospheric water vapor is expected to further wane throughout the 21st century due to rising air temperatures and a decline in the evaporation of the world's oceans."</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">People might find it strange that as air temperatures increase th</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">e evaporation from oceans decreases, but here is an explanation: When it comes to evaporation from the sea, most evaporation occurs when the sea is hotter than the air above it. With global warming the land heats up more than the sea and so you might tend to get air that is relatively hotter than the sea blowing to sea. When hotter air is above the sea the sea cools the air above and the relative humidity (RH) of this air increases and less evaporation results into the air because RH is higher. When The sea is warmer than the air above it the sea heats the air above it and the RH of the air decreases and more evaporation occurs because RH is low. When you have cold sea near to hot land you can get "negative evaporation" - the water vapour condenses out of the hot air above the cold sea and fog occurs.<br />One factor that could increase the evaporation is increased downwelling sky radiation from hotter air, but the effect of increasing RH of hotter air above cold water appears to be a clear winner in certain regions at present.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">Solution: A stagnant saturated layer builds up just above the sea surface so a sheet along the coast and above the sea that deflects air downwards and gives turbulence could partially solve the problem and increase evaporation. Also see <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JCLI3519.1">https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JCLI3519.1</a> </span></span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">I have been dealing with evaporation equations for a while and I take the average of 5 equations (equations from Fitzgerald, Rohwer, Engineering Toolbox, Horton, Meyer) and here are some results: Suppose wind speed is 10 km per hour, RH=80% above the sea, sea temperature is 18 deg C and atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of mercury.</span><br style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;" /><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">If we increase the air temperature above the sea we get this. </span></span></span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">Tair= 0 deg C then evaporation is 13 mm per day. </span></span></span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">Tair=10 deg C then evaporation is 9 mm per day. </span></span></span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">Tair= 20 deg C then evaporation is 1 mm per day. </span></span></span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">Tair=30 deg C then fog forms above water.</span></span></span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-52108882092430073112019-07-26T16:09:00.001-07:002019-07-26T16:16:52.808-07:00Cooling cities near the coast<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">For cities near the coast one could use mirrors to shade the ground and also reflect solar energy to old floating abandoned ships. The old ships will heat up and transfer infrared radiation to the the sea surface. Infrared radiation only penetrates the sea a few mm. This could cause clouds to form to shade and cool and bring rain. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Rising moist hot air from the sea could increase air circulation and reduce air pollution in cities.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMrIjC8US9vi25_khvHQvsd6GBxNTjMbaU7vijHmKgsdYY0veULxte0saAg398PRutHA2sbQ-Y9TFSx5s3jcXKe_qe21XP50e4Wbtx5uOmZwmJFVIjjtxZEgEhEHEEaexMVHvSpUzNRcU/s1600/Hot+ship.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="845" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMrIjC8US9vi25_khvHQvsd6GBxNTjMbaU7vijHmKgsdYY0veULxte0saAg398PRutHA2sbQ-Y9TFSx5s3jcXKe_qe21XP50e4Wbtx5uOmZwmJFVIjjtxZEgEhEHEEaexMVHvSpUzNRcU/s320/Hot+ship.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><br /></span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-63303915648462838972019-07-23T20:36:00.002-07:002019-07-24T18:46:51.880-07:00Carbon dioxide and drowsy accidents<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">The world is drifting towards drowsiness and accident-proneness: If one calculates, using equations related to the Keeling Curve, one finds that by 2070 the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be about 700 ppm (at present it is around 400 ppm). By 2095 it will be about 1000 ppm. Now when the concentration becomes 1000 ppm people start to feel drowsy and will lose concentration. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">But anot</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.08px;">her problem is that when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are high and one enters an enclosure (room and so on) the carbon dioxide levels quickly reach dangerous levels because of breathing. So if there are 10 people in a room of volume 100 cubic metres and atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is 400 ppm then it will take about 22 minutes for levels to reach 1000 ppm. If you start with atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide at 700 ppm then it takes only about 11 minutes for levels to reach 1000 ppm.<br />Fires (which produce carbon dioxide) will become far more dangerous regarding breathing.</span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-8005863992126971442019-07-17T02:02:00.000-07:002019-07-17T02:02:11.749-07:00Density of breath and surrounding airThe Delphi 2 code (Pascal) below calculates the density of breath and of the surrounding air. If you enter a hollow or lift or tank and so on and your breath is more dense than the surrounding air it will sink and you could surround yourself with air that has a lot of carbon dioxide in. This could happen during heatwave conditions.<br />
The inputs to the program are: Ts (temperature in deg C of the surrounding air, eg 38), RHs (relative humidity of the surrounding air in %, eg 34), P (the atmospheric air pressure in kPa, eg 100), PercO (the percentage of oxygen used up in breathing, eg 25), Tbr (the temperature of the breath in deg C, eg 37). The Delph1 2 code is below:<br />
label 1;<br />
var<br />
PvBr,Mas,Mvs,Pvs,Psatws,PercO,Ts,Tsk,P,RHs,Tbr,Tbrk,Psatwbr,Denssa,Densbr,a,molDaBr,<br />
MolNBr,MolOBri,MolOBrf,molCO2Bri,molCO2Brf,MolVBr,MolArBr,MolNeBr,MolHeBr,Mol,<br />
MolKrBr,MolXeBr,VN,VO,VCO2,VV,VArg,VNe,VHe,VKr,VXe,MNbr,MOBrf,MCO2brf,MVBr,<br />
MArBr,MNeBr,MHeBr,MKrBr,MXeBr,MBr,VolBr,TDI,Td,RHDI,DI,Pw,Tw,Aw,Bw,RHSw,Psat,<br />
Tdew,Pvd,RH,LCL:extended;<br />
errors1:boolean;<br />
calcstr2,calcstr1,calcstr3,calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,calcstr7,<br />
calcstr8,calcstr9,calcstr10,calcstr11,calcstr12,calcstr13,calcstr14,calcstr15,calcstr16,<br />
calcstr17,calcstr18,calcstr19,calcstr20,calcstr21,calcstr22,calcstr23,calcstr24:string[30];<br />
begin<br />
errors1:=false;<br />
form16.hide;<br />
form16.show;<br />
try<br />
Ts:=strtofloat(form16.edit1.Text);<br />
RHs:=strtofloat(form16.edit2.Text);<br />
P:=strtofloat(form16.edit3.Text);<br />
PercO:=strtofloat(form16.edit4.Text);<br />
Tbr:=strtofloat(form16.edit5.Text);<br />
except<br />
errors1:=true;<br />
end;<br />
if (errors1=true) or<br />
(Ts<0) or (Ts>70) or (RHs<=0) or (RHs>100) or (P<10) or (P>150) or(percO<0) or (percO>90)<br />
or (Tbr<0) or (Tbr>70) then begin<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,100,'CHECK ENTRIES.');<br />
goto 1<br />
end;<br />
Tsk:=Ts+273.15;<br />
Tbrk:=Tbr+273.15;<br />
Psatws:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Ts/234.5)*Ts/(257.14+Ts));<br />
Psatwbr:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tbr/234.5)*Tbr/(257.14+Tbr));<br />
Pvs:=Psatws*RHs/100;<br />
Mvs:=Pvs/(0.4615*Tsk);<br />
Mas:=(P-Pvs)/(0.287*Tsk);<br />
PvBr:=Psatwbr;<br />
molDaBr:=100-(PvBr/P)*100;<br />
MolNBr:=78.03/100*moldaBr;<br />
MolOBri:=20.99/100*molDaBr;<br />
MolOBrf:=MolOBri-(percO/100*molObri);<br />
MolCO2bri:=(0.033/100)*moldaBr;<br />
MolCO2Brf:=molCO2bri+(percO/100*molObri);<br />
molVbr:=100*Pvbr/P;<br />
molArBr:=(0.94/100)*moldabr;<br />
molNeBr:=(0.0015/100)*moldabr;<br />
molHeBr:=(0.000524/100)*moldabr;<br />
molKrBr:=(0.00014/100)*moldabr;<br />
molXeBr:=(0.000006/100)*moldabr;<br />
MNbr:=molNbr*0.028013;<br />
MObrf:=molOBrf*0.031999;<br />
MCO2Brf:=molCO2Brf*0.04401;<br />
MVBr:=molVBr*0.018015;<br />
MArBr:=molArBr*0.039948;<br />
MNeBr:=molNeBr*0.020183;<br />
MHeBr:=molHeBr*0.004003;<br />
MKrBr:=molKrBr*0.08380;<br />
MXeBr:=molXeBr*0.13130;<br />
Denssa:=Mvs+Mas;<br />
MBr:=MNbr+MOBrf+MCO2Brf+MVBr+MArBr+MNeBr+MHeBr+MKrBr+MXeBr;<br />
VolBr:=100*0.00831447*Tbrk/P;<br />
DensBr:=MBr/VolBr;<br />
a:=9.80665*((denssa/densbr)-1);<br />
VN:=100*MolNBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
VO:=100*MolOBrf*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
VCO2:=100*MolCO2Brf*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
VV:=100*MolVBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
VArg:=100*MolArBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
VNe:=100*MolNeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
VHe:=100*MolHeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
VKr:=100*MolKrBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
VXe:=100*MolXeBr*(0.00831447*TBrk/P)/VolBr;<br />
str(Denssa:13:3,calcstr1);<br />
str(DensBr:13:3,calcstr2);<br />
str(a:13:2,calcstr3);<br />
str(VN:13:4,calcstr4);<br />
str(VO:13:4,calcstr5);<br />
str(VCO2:13:4,calcstr6);<br />
str(VV:13:4,calcstr7);<br />
str(VArg:13:4,calcstr8);<br />
str(VNe:13:4,calcstr9);<br />
str(VHe:13:4,calcstr10);<br />
str(VKr:13:4,calcstr11);<br />
str(VXe:13:4,calcstr12);<br />
<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,100,'SURROUNDING AIR: DENSITY is: '+calcstr1+' kg/m^3.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,130,'BREATH: DENSITY is: '+calcstr2+' kg/m^3.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,170,'BREATH: ACCELERATION (negative is down and positive is up) is: '+calcstr3+' m/s^2.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,210,'Breath % vol N2: '+calcstr4+'%.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,240,'Breath % vol O2: '+calcstr5+'%.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,270,'Breath % vol CO2: '+calcstr6+'%.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,300,'Breath % vol H20(g): '+calcstr7+'%.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,330,'Breath % vol Ar: '+calcstr8+'%.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,360,'Breath % vol Ne: '+calcstr9+'%.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,390,'Breath % vol He: '+calcstr10+'%.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,420,'Breath % vol Kr: '+calcstr11+'%.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,450,'Breath % vol Xe: '+calcstr12+'%.');<br />
Td:=Ts;<br />
TDI:=Td;<br />
RHDI:=RHs;<br />
DI:= (2*TDI) + (RHDI/100*TDI)+24;<br />
Pw:=P/101.325;<br />
Tw:=Td;<br />
repeat<br />
Tw:=Tw-0.001;<br />
Aw:=611.2*exp(17.502*Tw/(240.97+Tw))-66.8745*(1+0.00115*Tw)*Pw*(Td-Tw);<br />
Bw:=6.112*exp(17.502*Td/(240.97+Td));<br />
RHSw:=Aw/Bw;<br />
until (RHSw<=rhs);<br />
RH:=RHs;<br />
Tdew:=Td;<br />
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Td/234.5)*Td/(257.14+Td));<br />
Pvd:=(RH/100)*Psat;<br />
repeat<br />
Tdew:=Tdew-0.001;<br />
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdew/234.5)*Tdew/(257.14+Tdew));<br />
until (Psat<=Pvd);<br />
LCL:=125*(Td-Tdew);<br />
str(DI:13:1,calcstr13);<br />
str(Tw:13:2,calcstr14);<br />
str(Tdew:13:2,calcstr15);<br />
str(LCL:13:2,calcstr16);<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,490,'Discomfort Index: '+calcstr13+' (90 to 100 very uncomfortable, 100 to 110 extremely uncomfortable, >110 hazardous).');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,520,'Wet Bulb T: '+calcstr14+' deg C');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,550,'Dew point: '+calcstr15+' deg C.');<br />
form16.canvas.textout(0,580,'LCL: '+calcstr16+' m.');<br />
<br />
1: end;<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-16083343189500856232019-04-26T15:17:00.004-07:002019-04-26T15:17:48.633-07:00Rain from dry and wet air layers<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">When wind blows up a mountain the air cools at about 9.8 deg C for every 1000 m rise (the dry adiabatic lapse rate for air that is not saturated). However, if the air is moist, one might have pockets where condensation occurs and this releases heat of condensation, keeping the air warmer. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">What sometimes happens is that one has a layer of moist air under a layer of drier air and as it blows up the</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"> mountain the top dry layer cools at 9.8 deg C for every 1000 m rise and the moist layer below might cool at an average of, say, 8 deg C per 1000m m rise.<br />So the bottom moist layer is continuously getting warmer relative to the top dry layer. This causes the bottom layer to continuously get less dense than the top layer and so the bottom rises by convection as well as by being blown up the mountain. The bottom layer could rise high enough by this method for rain to form, even if the mountains are low.<br />It does not take much to heat moist air, but it does take a lot of heat to evaporate water to make air moist. So if one could heat the air just above the sea, where it is moist, by infrared radiation (evaporation of spray would also occur), then one could have more rain even with low mountains. One could do this using solar power to heat dark objects on land and then reflect the infrared heat from the dark objects to the air above the sea surface. When the wind blows to land rain could result even with low mountains.<br />From<br /><a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0442%281991%29004%3C1023%3AHPOTO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0442%281991%29004<1023%3AHPOTO>2.0.CO%3B2</a> <br />it appears that the RH is usually greatest at about 940 mb (about 600 m above the ocean). If one could increase RH to about 90% in the first 500 m or so above the ocean the above method could work well. </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><br /></span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-16001792110352342212019-03-01T13:34:00.000-08:002019-03-01T13:34:28.131-08:00Delphi Code ExampleSTART<br />
form5.canvas.font.size:=10;<br />
form5.canvas.font.style:=[fsbold];<br />
form5.canvas.font.color:=clblack;<br />
form5.edit1.text:='';<br />
form5.edit2.text:='';<br />
form5.edit3.text:='';<br />
form5.show;<br />
<br />
PROCEDURE<br />
label 1;<br />
var<br />
TdewC,T1C,T2C,Ht,LCL,RHd,Tdew,td,T1,T2,densair,m,T,Rh,Rh1,Rh2,P,V,Tsat,Pa,Pv,<br />
Pvd,Psat,omega,tdp,pdp,Va,Vv,Pvs,Pas,omegas,Mv,Ma,Psat1,Psat2,<br />
relh,Tw,LCLC,HTC,LCLT1:extended;<br />
errors1:boolean;<br />
calcstr8,calcstr2,calcstr1,calcstr3,calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,calcstr7:string[30];<br />
begin<br />
errors1:=false;<br />
form5.hide;<br />
form5.show;<br />
Memo1.clear;<br />
Memo1.font.size:=12;<br />
Memo1.font.style:=[fsbold];<br />
Memo1.font.color:=clblack;<br />
try<br />
T1:=strtofloat(form5.edit1.Text);<br />
Rh1:=strtofloat(form5.edit2.Text);<br />
T2:=strtofloat(form5.edit3.Text);<br />
except<br />
errors1:=true;<br />
end;<br />
if (errors1=true) or<br />
(t1<0.01) or (t1>69) or (rh1<0) or (rh1>100) or<br />
(t2<0.1) or (t2>70) or (T2<T1+0.02)<br />
then begin<br />
form5.Memo1.Lines.Add('CHECK ENTRIES.');<br />
goto 1<br />
end;<br />
T1C:=T1;<br />
ht:=1000*(T2-T1)/3.3;<br />
RH1:=RH1/100;<br />
Psat1:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T1/234.5)*T1/(257.14+T1));<br />
Pv:=Psat1*RH1;<br />
Psat2:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T2/234.5)*T2/(257.14+T2));<br />
Rh2:=Pv/Psat2; {ie partial pressure of water vapour/psat2}<br />
str(rh2*100:9:2,calcstr1);<br />
form5.Memo1.lines.Add('Final relative humidity (at T2) is: '+calcstr1+'%.');<br />
Tdew:=T1;<br />
repeat<br />
Tdew:=Tdew-0.001;<br />
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdew/234.5)*Tdew/(257.14+Tdew));<br />
until (Psat<=Pv);<br />
str(Tdew:12:2,calcstr2);<br />
form5.Memo1.Lines.Add('Dew point is: '+calcstr2+' deg C.');<br />
1: end;<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-43160452821396127962019-02-25T10:18:00.001-08:002019-09-13T13:50:45.234-07:00Shortened Water from Air codeT1 is the temperature of the surrounding air in deg C, RH1 is the relative humidity in percent, P1 is the atmospheric pressure in kPa (at sea level it is about 101.325 kPa), T2 is the temperature to which the air will be cooled, V1 is the volume of air you are going to cool in cubic metres. Code below:<br />
<br />
label 1;<br />
var<br />
EnthV1MWh,EnthV1kWh,EnthV1,NokgdaV1,Enthd,Psatw1,Psatw2,Tk1,Tk2,Mvpa1,Enth1,Enth2,Ma1,Mv1,HR1,HR2,<br />
Pv1,PV2,T1,RH1,P1,P2,T2,V1,kgDryAir,EdpkgDA,EnthDV,HR1mHR2,HR1mHR2V,kgpkWh,Td,RH,Psat,Pv,Tdew:extended;<br />
errors1:boolean;<br />
calcstr2,calcstr1,calcstr3,calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,calcstr7,<br />
calcstr8,calcstr9,calcstr10,calcstr11,calcstr12,calcstr13,calcstr14,<br />
calcstr15,calcstr16,calcstr17,calcstr18:string[30];<br />
begin<br />
errors1:=false;<br />
form3.hide;<br />
form3.show;<br />
try<br />
T1:=strtofloat(form3.edit1.Text);<br />
RH1:=strtofloat(form3.edit2.Text);<br />
P1:=strtofloat(form3.edit3.Text);<br />
T2:=strtofloat(form3.edit4.Text);<br />
V1:=strtofloat(form3.edit5.Text);<br />
except<br />
errors1:=true;<br />
end;<br />
if (errors1=true) or<br />
(T1<1) or (T1>60) or (RH1<=0) or (RH1>100) or (P1<20) or (P1>120) or (T2<1) or<br />
(T2>60) or (V1<0)<br />
then begin<br />
form3.canvas.textout(0,100,'CHECK ENTRIES.');<br />
goto 1<br />
end;<br />
Tk1:=T1+273.15;<br />
Tk2:=T2+273.15;<br />
<br />
Td:=T1;<br />
RH:=RH1;<br />
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Td/234.5)*Td/(257.14+Td));<br />
Pv:=(RH/100)*Psat;<br />
Tdew:=Td;<br />
repeat<br />
Tdew:=Tdew-0.001;<br />
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdew/234.5)*Tdew/(257.14+Tdew));<br />
until (Psat<=Pv);<br />
str(Tdew:12:2,calcstr18);<br />
<br />
<br />
Psatw1:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T1/234.5)*T1/(257.14+T1));<br />
Pv1:=Psatw1*RH1/100;<br />
HR1:=0.622*Pv1/(P1-Pv1);<br />
Ma1:=(P1-Pv1)/(0.287*Tk1);<br />
Enth1:=(1.005*T1)+HR1*(2501.3+1.82*T1);<br />
Psatw2:=0.61121*exp((18.678-T2/234.5)*T2/(257.14+T2));<br />
HR2:=Hr1;<br />
P2:=P1;<br />
if (Psatw2<PV1) then begin<br />
Pv2:=Psatw2;<br />
HR2:=0.622*Pv2/(P2-Pv2);<br />
form3.canvas.textout(0,120,'Water condenses out. Dew point is:'+calcstr18+' deg C');<br />
end;<br />
Enth2:=(1.005*T2)+HR2*(2501.3+1.82*T2);<br />
kgDryAir:=V1*Ma1;<br />
EdpkgDA:=(Enth2-Enth1);<br />
EnthDV:=kgDryAir*EdpkgDA;<br />
HR1mHR2:=HR1-HR2;<br />
HR1mHR2V:=kgDryAir*HR1mHR2;<br />
kgpkWh:=(-1)*HR1mHR2V/(EnthDV/3600);<br />
str((EnthDV/3600),calcstr7);<br />
str(HR1mHR2V,calcstr10);<br />
str(kgpkWh:13:4,calcstr17);<br />
form3.canvas.textout(0,150,'Total mass of water condensing out of the air is: '+calcstr10+' kg.');<br />
form3.canvas.textout(0,180,'Total heat added to the air is: '+calcstr7+' kWh.');<br />
form3.canvas.textout(0,210,'Number of kg of water produced per kWh of heat removed from air: '+calcstr17+' kg/kWh.');<br />
form3.canvas.textout(0,240,'Dew point temperature is: '+calcstr18+' deg C.');<br />
1: end;Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-66470487365358683532019-02-21T14:42:00.001-08:002019-02-21T14:42:25.190-08:00Water from pipe from sea to land<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">Sometimes, in dry areas, the sea nearby is warmer than the land at night. If one has a pipe with inlet over the sea and outlet over the land it is possible the warmer less dense sea air will rise in the pipe and water will condense out on the land side. At the same temperature moist air has a lower density than dry air. Here is computer code that will help one determine whether water will condense</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"> out (RH becomes greater than 100% - if that were possible).<br />T is in deg C, P is in kPa, RH is a percentage.<br />The inputs are initial temperature Ti above sea surface, initial relative humidity (RH) above sea surface, initial atmospheric pressure just above the sea surface (P1) and final temperature Tf (above land of desert), and P2 (at altitude of land of desert). Delphi computer code below:<br /><br />label 1;<br />var<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tdewi,Tdewf,Pvf,LCL1,LCL2,Pvi,Psatwi,Psa</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>twf,RHf,HR,RH,p1,p2,Ti,Tf,Hinc,q,lnx,x,<br />Psat,h,p:extended;<br />errors1:boolean;<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">calcstr6,calcstr5,calcstr4,calcstr2,calc</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>str1,calcstr3:string[30];<br />begin<br />errors1:=false;<br />form47.hide;<br />form47.show;<br />try<br />Ti:=strtofloat(form47.edit1.Text);<br />RH:=strtofloat(form47.edit2.Text);<br />P1:=strtofloat(form47.edit3.Text);<br />Tf:=strtofloat(form47.edit4.Text);<br />P2:=strtofloat(form47.edit5.Text);<br />except<br />errors1:=true;<br />end;<br />if (errors1=true) or (Ti<0) or (Ti>100) or (RH>100) or (RH<0) or (P1<2) or (P1>500) or (Tf<0)<br />or (Tf>100) or (P2<2) or (P2>500)<br />then begin<br />form47.canvas.textout(0,100,'CHECK ENTRIES.');<br />goto 1<br />end;<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Psatwi:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Ti/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>234.5)*Ti/(257.14+Ti));<br />Pvi:=Psatwi*(RH/100);<br />HR:=0.622*Pvi/(P1-Pvi);<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Psatwf:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tf/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>234.5)*Tf/(257.14+Tf));<br />RHf:=(HR*P2)/((0.622+HR)*Psatwf);<br />Pvf:=RHf*Psatwf;<br /><br />Tdewi:=Ti;<br />repeat<br />Tdewi:=Tdewi-0.001;<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdewi/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>234.5)*Tdewi/(257.14+Tdewi));<br />until (Psat<=Pvi);<br />str(Tdewi:12:2,calcstr3);<br /><br />Tdewf:=Tf;<br />repeat<br />Tdewf:=Tdewf-0.001;<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Tdewf/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"></span>234.5)*Tdewf/(257.14+Tdewf));<br />until (Psat<=Pvf);<br />str(Tdewf:12:2,calcstr4);<br /><br />LCL1:=125*(Ti-Tdewi);<br />LCL2:=125*(Tf-Tdewf);<br />str(LCL1:15:2,calcstr5);<br />str(LCL2:15:2,calcstr6);<br /><br />str((100*RHf):15:2,calcstr1);<br />str(HR:15:5,calcstr2);<br />If(RHf<1) then form47.canvas.textout(0,120,'Relative humidity (RH) AFTER PARCEL HAS MOVED is: '+calcstr1+'%.');<br />If (RHf<1) then form47.canvas.textout(0,150,'Humidity ratio (HR) remains the same as the air parcel moves: '+calcstr2+' kg/kg.');<br />If(RHf>1) then form47.canvas.textout(0,120,'Air has become SATURATED and FICTITIOUS relative humidity (RH) AFTER PARCEL HAS MOVED is: '+calcstr1+'%.');<br />form47.canvas.textout(0,190,'Dew point for initial Ti and P1 situation is: '+calcstr3+' deg C.');<br />if (RHf<1) then form47.canvas.textout(0,220,'Dew point for final Tf and P2 situation is '+calcstr4+' deg C.');<br />form47.canvas.textout(0,260,'LCL1 for initial Ti and P1 situation is: '+calcstr5+' m.');<br />if (RHf<1) then form47.canvas.textout(0,290,'LCL2 for final Tf and P2 situation is '+calcstr6+' m.');<br /><br />1: end;</span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-12570932071378687412019-02-18T19:46:00.004-08:002019-02-18T19:49:46.196-08:00<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">To get some plants to cover dry ground and reduce dust one could use a dew drip system and grow rows of plants, say with 20 m between rows. Some plants could absorb toxic matter. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">When cold or warmth needs to be transported a long way secondary refrigerants are used. Water is often used as a secondary refrigerant as it holds a lot of heat per kg. So why not cool water using the usual sort of refri</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">gerant and run the cold water through long pipes with spikes on pointing downwards? Dew will form and run down the spikes giving drip irrigation. One could also use bends in the pipe to allow dew to drip down. To prevent frost run hot water through the pipes. The system could be powered by a wind turbine.<br />To get an idea of how much water one could get from the air you can use my Delphi computer code at </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/WaterFromAir/"><span style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: none;">https://www.facebook.com/groups/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: none;"></span><span style="color: #365899; font-family: inherit;"><span style="cursor: pointer;">WaterFromAir/</span></span> </a> or from</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"> <a href="https://airartist.blogspot.com/2019/02/i-have-finished-delphi-computer-program.html">https://airartist.blogspot.com/2019/02/i-have-finished-delphi-computer-program.html</a></span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-73385104891608073952019-02-09T08:57:00.001-08:002019-04-03T01:25:25.137-07:00Delphi code for water from air.<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">I have finished a Delphi computer program that will tell people if water will condense out of the air when the air is cooled. One could use wind power. Anyone or any institution may use it in any legal context. It also tells how much water will condense out and it tells one how much heat (in kJ and kWh) must be extracted from the air and so one can get an idea of the power requirements.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">One could use an air conditioning unit to cool the air to the best temperature and there are do-it-yourself (DIY) sites that tell one how to do this -see <a href="https://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Atmospheric-Water-Generator/">https://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Atmospheric-Water-Generator/</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Inputs are T1 (tem</span><span class="m_3393922824601811555text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">perature of atmospheric air in deg C before cooling), RH1 (relative humidity in % of atmospheric air before cooling), P1 (atmospheric pressure in kPa which is assumed to remain the same during cooling), T2 (temperature in deg C to which air will be cooled), V1 (the volume in cubic metres of air at T1 and RH1 and P1 that is to be cooled).<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" />Note: It is a convention to say "enthalpy per kg of dry air," meaning the enthalpy related to the kg of dry air and the water vapour associated with that kg of dry air.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" />See code below:</span><br />
<br />
<div class="gmail_default" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
label 1;</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.5px;">
<div class="gmail_default">
var</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
EnthV1MWh,EnthV1kWh,EnthV1,<wbr></wbr>NokgdaV1,Enthd,Psatw1,Psatw2,<wbr></wbr>Tk1,Tk2,Mvpa1,Enth1,Enth2,Ma1,<wbr></wbr>Mv1,HR1,HR2,</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Pv1,PV2,T1,RH1,P1,P2,T2,V1,<wbr></wbr>kgDryAir,EdpkgDA,EnthDV,<wbr></wbr>HR1mHR2,HR1mHR2V,kgpkWh,Td,RH,<wbr></wbr>Psat,Pv,Tdew:extended;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
errors1:boolean;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
calcstr2,calcstr1,calcstr3,<wbr></wbr>calcstr4,calcstr5,calcstr6,<wbr></wbr>calcstr7,</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
calcstr8,calcstr9,calcstr10,<wbr></wbr>calcstr11,calcstr12,calcstr13,<wbr></wbr>calcstr14,</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
calcstr15,calcstr16,calcstr17,<wbr></wbr>calcstr18:string[30];</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
begin</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
errors1:=false;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.hide;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.show;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
try</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
T1:=strtofloat(form2.edit1.<wbr></wbr>Text);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
RH1:=strtofloat(form2.edit2.<wbr></wbr>Text);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
P1:=strtofloat(form2.edit3.<wbr></wbr>Text);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
T2:=strtofloat(form2.edit4.<wbr></wbr>Text);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
V1:=strtofloat(form2.edit5.<wbr></wbr>Text);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
except</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
errors1:=true;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
end;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
if (errors1=true) or</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
(T1<0.1) or (T1>100) or (RH1<0.1) or (RH1>99) or (P1<50) or (P1>150) or (T2<0.1) or</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
(T2>100) or (V1<0) or (T2>=T1)</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
then begin</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,100,'<wbr></wbr>CHECK ENTRIES.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
goto 1</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
end;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Tk1:=T1+273.15;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Tk2:=T2+273.15;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<br /></div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Td:=T1;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
RH:=RH1;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-Td/<wbr></wbr>234.5)*Td/(257.14+Td));</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Pv:=(RH/100)*Psat;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Tdew:=Td;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
repeat</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Tdew:=Tdew-0.001;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Psat:=0.61121*exp((18.678-<wbr></wbr>Tdew/234.5)*Tdew/(257.14+Tdew)<wbr></wbr>);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
until (Psat<=Pv);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(Tdew:12:2,calcstr18);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<br /></div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<br /></div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Psatw1:=0.61121*exp((18.678-<wbr></wbr>T1/234.5)*T1/(257.14+T1));</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Pv1:=Psatw1*RH1/100;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
HR1:=0.622*Pv1/(P1-Pv1);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Ma1:=(P1-Pv1)/(0.287*Tk1);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Enth1:=(1.005*T1)+HR1*(2501.3+<wbr></wbr>1.88*T1);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Psatw2:=0.61121*exp((18.678-<wbr></wbr>T2/234.5)*T2/(257.14+T2));</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
HR2:=Hr1;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
P2:=P1;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
if (Psatw2<PV1) then begin</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Pv2:=Psatw2;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
HR2:=0.622*Pv2/(P2-Pv2);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,90,'<wbr></wbr>Water condenses out. Dew point is:'+calcstr18+' deg C');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
end;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
Enth2:=(1.005*T2)+HR2*(2501.3+<wbr></wbr>1.88*T2);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
kgDryAir:=V1*Ma1;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
EdpkgDA:=(Enth2-Enth1);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
EnthDV:=kgDryAir*EdpkgDA;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
HR1mHR2:=HR1-HR2;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
HR1mHR2V:=kgDryAir*HR1mHR2;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
kgpkWh:=(-1)*HR1mHR2V/(EnthDV/<wbr></wbr>3600);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(Enth1:13:4,calcstr1);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(Enth2:13:4,calcstr2);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(EdpkgDA:13:6,calcstr3);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(Ma1:13:4,calcstr4);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(kgDryAir,calcstr5);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(EnthDV,calcstr6);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str((EnthDV/3600),calcstr7);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str((EnthDV/3600000),calcstr8)<wbr></wbr>;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str((HR1mHR2*1000):13:4,<wbr></wbr>calcstr9);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(HR1mHR2V,calcstr10);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str((HR1*1000):13:4,calcstr11)<wbr></wbr>;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str((HR2*1000):13:4,calcstr12)<wbr></wbr>;</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(EnthV1MWh,calcstr16);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
str(kgpkWh:13:4,calcstr17);</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,120,'<wbr></wbr>Enthalpy1 per kg dry air is: '+calcstr1+' kJ/kg dry air.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,150,'<wbr></wbr>Enthalpy2 per kg dry air is: '+calcstr2+' kJ/kg dry air.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,180,'<wbr></wbr>Enthalpy difference per kg dry air is: '+calcstr3+' kJ/kg dry air.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,210,'<wbr></wbr>Mass of DRY air in one cubic metre of original air is: '+calcstr4+' kg.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,240,'<wbr></wbr>Number of kg of dry air in V1 is: '+calcstr5+' kg.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,270,'<wbr></wbr>FOR VOLUME V1: Heat added to volume V1 of air (Enthalpy difference for volume V1) is: '+calcstr6+' kJ.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,300,'<wbr></wbr>FOR VOLUME V1: Heat added to volume V1 of air is: '+calcstr7+' kWh.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,330,'<wbr></wbr>FOR VOLUME V1: Heat added to volume V1 of air is: '+calcstr8+' MWh.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,370,'<wbr></wbr>HR1 - HR2 g/kg is: '+calcstr9+' grams of water vapour per kg dry air (CONDENSES OUT).');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,400,'(<wbr></wbr>HR1 - HR2 kg/kg)x(number of kg dry air in volume V1) is: '+calcstr10+' kg of water (CONDENSES OUT).');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,440,'<wbr></wbr>HR1 is: '+calcstr11+' g/kg.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,470,'<wbr></wbr>HR2 is: '+calcstr12+' g/kg.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,520,'<wbr></wbr>SUMMARY. Total mass of water condensing out of the air is: '+calcstr10+' kg.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,550,'<wbr></wbr>SUMMARY: Total heat added to the air is: '+calcstr7+' kWh.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,580,'<wbr></wbr>SUMMARY: kg of water produced per kWh of heat removed from air: '+calcstr17+' kg/kWh.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
form2.canvas.textout(0,610,'<wbr></wbr>SUMMARY: Dew point temperature is: '+calcstr18+' deg C.');</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
1: end;</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 14.64px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 14.64px;"><span class="m_3393922824601811555text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<br />Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-42998963892655534852019-01-09T08:53:00.002-08:002019-01-09T08:53:47.970-08:00Rain by infrared ocean heating<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">If you have a dark surface with a film of water over it and you let sunlight fall on it you have a greenhouse. This is because the sunlight is absorbed by the dark surface and it heats up releasing significant infrared radiation which is absorbed within a mm or so of the film of water. Sunlight can pass through the film of water to the dark surface, but the infra</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">red radiation released by the dark surface cannot exit the water film (it is absorbed too quickly).<br />So one could cool off cities by reflecting solar radiation, that would have heated the ground, onto a dark wall in the sea that has water pumped over it (creating a film of water over the dark wall). This will cause evaporation and enhance rainfall.<br />I must add this: One could have a huge matt black foam rubber sheet with holes in to let seawater onto the top and place it into the sea when needed. It could be attached to other sheets to make a huge artificial wet black floating island. It could be rolled up and stored on a ship.</span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-24052235554557724212019-01-04T01:28:00.001-08:002019-01-04T01:29:36.638-08:00Device to make clouds and rain.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02BgAW4eTZZhePMtgeQFfD_UJr4gVWLCVN4aE_J_BYcwkZDSeYVpokZF7KnGLHCC7wkglgFRFQxr6y1d4DL0kgTKn_ert76nljasytTyigqSzNj06PQMJlDigYSc_2bH3PF9izEBZg6E/s1600/Rain+Gutter+by+T+E+Miller+FB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="658" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02BgAW4eTZZhePMtgeQFfD_UJr4gVWLCVN4aE_J_BYcwkZDSeYVpokZF7KnGLHCC7wkglgFRFQxr6y1d4DL0kgTKn_ert76nljasytTyigqSzNj06PQMJlDigYSc_2bH3PF9izEBZg6E/s640/Rain+Gutter+by+T+E+Miller+FB.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-21257991448017256362018-07-04T07:34:00.001-07:002018-07-04T07:34:47.255-07:00Heat waves and decreasing air density by increasing RH<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">If there is a heat wave and you are near the sea there is something one could do. During heat waves relative humidity (RH) is usually low and this gives an ideal opportunity to add water to the atmosphere. If you add water by evaporative cooling you cool the air and then the air cannot hold so much moisture. If you add moisture by heating a part of the sea surface the air stays hot and the RH and w</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;">ater content of the air can increase a lot. You can heat a part of the sea surface by having floating black mats in the sea. Now when you add water vapour to the air the air becomes less dense. When the air is hot and dry you can add so much water vapour to the air that it becomes a lot less dense than the surrounding air and will rise, probably punching its way through the heat wave dome and creating clouds and possibly causing convectional rain. Example: Assume P=1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa). Assume the air temperature is T=38 deg C and RH=20%. Then the density of the air is1129.0 grams per cubic metre. Now increase humidity so that RH=80% with T still at 38 deg C.The density of the air is now 1112.2 grams per cubic metre. If you heated the original air with T=38 deg C and RH=20% to 42.71 deg C its RH would fall to 15.56% and it would have density of 1112.2 grams per cubic metre. This is the same density as the air with T=38 deg C and RH=80%. So increasing the humidity from 20% to 80% has the same effect on density as heating the air from 38 deg C to 42.71 deg C.</span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-78155464334592232892018-03-29T06:35:00.002-07:002018-03-29T06:35:52.257-07:00Heat sea and air to bring rain<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Cape farmers were having trouble with frost and now there are problems with drought.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">There are two things needed for convectional rain and those are 1) Moisture in the air 2) Upward convection of air. As to moisture you can place black sheeting in the sea off Cape Town to heat the sea and supply moisture - see</span><br />
<a href="https://airartist.blogspot.co.za/2018/03/could-we-create-small-el-nino-close-to.html">https://airartist.blogspot.co.za/2018/03/could-we-create-small-el-nino-close-to.html</a><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">As to convection, you could have tall poles with rigid black plastic "roofs" on to shade crops and heat up the</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"> air above the black plastic (which will get hot in the sun). The black plastic will work in an opposite way to "cool roofs" which reduce rainfall - see <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cool-roofs-may-have-side-effects-on-regional-rainfall/">https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cool-roofs-may-have-side-effects-on-regional-rainfall/</a><br /><br />As to frost (winter is coming), have sheets of plastic, on the poles mentioned, that deflect wind downwards and keep mixing warm air into the cold air near the ground.</span>Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2024181515542178613.post-88651770600564585202018-03-24T05:00:00.003-07:002018-03-26T21:33:53.669-07:00Rain with biological heating simulation<div class="gmail_default" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Could we create a small El Nino close to Cape Town with black plastic sheets? I have been reading some articles on the formation of El Nino and Wikipedia at </span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_layer&source=gmail&ust=1521978700980000&usg=AFQjCNF1-1YR15idx5u5aUX5gwnjlBkQgQ" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_layer" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/<wbr></wbr>wiki/Mixed_layer</a> </span></span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">says, "The depth of the mixed layer is thus very important for determining the temperature range in oceanic and coastal regions. In addition, the heat stored within the oceanic mixed layer provides a source for heat that drives global variability such as El Niño." </span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Now another article says that chlorophyll causes </span><span class="m_3148321923710024633gmail-text_exposed_show" style="color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">the solar energy to be captured in the top layer of ocean and, despite strong winds, a shallow mixed layer of warm water 20 to 30 m deep persists on top of the ocean where there is chlorophyll (biological heating of the surface) - see </span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<span class="m_3148321923710024633gmail-text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2003JC002024&source=gmail&ust=1521978700980000&usg=AFQjCNE8ukkKdAPMU_lb-qkZrZyYdHci_g" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2003JC002024" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.<wbr></wbr>wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/<wbr></wbr>2003JC002024</a> </span></span><br /><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">I therefore maintain that my cheap black floating plastic sheets will keep a warm layer on top (simulating biological heating) and will enhance rainfall. Probably for 10 million rands or so one could have a huge grid of floating black plastic sheets, say 50 m apart, that would enhance rainfall.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<span class="m_3148321923710024633gmail-text_exposed_show" style="color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Reminder of my black floating plastic sheets idea: </span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Hot water floats on cooler seawater and does not mix easily. For rain enhancement have cheap rigid black plastic sheets with plastic floats on the side that allow the black sheet to remain a few centimetres below the water surface Have a hole in the middle of the rigid sheet to let seawater in and out slowly. The black plastic sheet will absorb the visible light energy and infrared from the sun and when it radiates heat the heat radiated will be in the infrared range ranging around</span><span class="m_3148321923710024633gmail-m_8357785314518385196gmail-m_8281340231947760712gmail-text_exposed_show" style="color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"> about 10 microns or so in wavelength. That type of radiation is absorbed within mm of penetration of sea, so in effect you have a greenhouse heating up with solar energy, because a few mm of seawater above the sheet will not allow radiation to exit the sea. <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_vibrational_spectrum.html&source=gmail&ust=1521978700980000&usg=AFQjCNFIBlwSZstl9MJR82x0Tkob5f14tw" href="http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_vibrational_spectrum.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #365899; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/wa<wbr></wbr>ter/water_vibrational_spectrum<wbr></wbr>.html</a> tells us that absorption coefficients are around 1000 per cm for this situation. This means that the intensity of radiation from the black sheet will drop to 1% of its original intensity within 0.046 mm of penetration of the seawater above it.</span></div>
<span class="m_3148321923710024633gmail-m_8357785314518385196gmail-m_8281340231947760712gmail-text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">The floating hot water will humidify and heat the air above it. This more humid less and dense air will rise increasing chances of convectional rain. These black sheets could float like so many boats on the sea outside drought areas. With 7 kWh of solar energy per square metre per day falling the black sheets could heat water above them, that is 1 m deep, by 6 deg C in a day.</span><br />
<span class="m_3148321923710024633gmail-m_8357785314518385196gmail-m_8281340231947760712gmail-text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3C1097:BHITEP%3E2.0.CO%3B2">https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1097:BHITEP>2.0.CO%3B2</a></span><br />
<div class="gmail_default" style="display: inline; font-size: small;">
also has interesting information about biological heating.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8QlN5UOEK8jvevTStfjfkKh0om4oplg-fIvClIF8o-JzCXZEh9HctDWiH7uSewMiyDj6ksz2vk-fDXJKS0tv8M7t-9K_eZtJyWu6Opi1XsXA0aJ7FKcr5L5vSpqazf1PCEZYqfIXS9k/s1600/Black+sheet+heating+of+sea+by+T+E+Miller.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="550" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8QlN5UOEK8jvevTStfjfkKh0om4oplg-fIvClIF8o-JzCXZEh9HctDWiH7uSewMiyDj6ksz2vk-fDXJKS0tv8M7t-9K_eZtJyWu6Opi1XsXA0aJ7FKcr5L5vSpqazf1PCEZYqfIXS9k/s320/Black+sheet+heating+of+sea+by+T+E+Miller.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
Eddie Millerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10622638019979858460noreply@blogger.com0